In this tale, the Hawaiian deities Pele and Namaka play significant roles. Among the Hawaiian pantheon, Pele represented the deity of fire, whilst also Namaka represented the ocean. Pele and Namaka have been blood relatives, but despite their shared ancestry, they hated each other. Pele’s home was on the island of The far Kahiki with her family, and Namaka continued flooding Pele’s territory with waves. Pele and her family finally had enough of Namaka’s mischief and borrowed a canoe from their sibling, the shark deity. Namaka had prevented them from settling permanently on nearly all Hawaiian Isles, but Pele eventually defeated her.

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The capacity to give birth normally is credited to Haumea. She went to see Muleiula, the chief’s daughter, who was in the throes of difficult labour, and learned that human births could only be achieved through the incision. After noticing this, Haumea brewed a concoction from the Kani-ka-wi tree that induced labour in the mother. Haumea is the goddess Kanaloa’s sibling and, in some versions of Hawaiian mythology, the goddess’s wife. In some stories, Haumea is the goddess of the earth and the consort of the sky god Wakea. From his union with Kanaloa, Haumea had the war deity Kekaua-kahi, the goddess of the volcano Pele, and Pele’s siblings, among them Hi’iaka.   Her offspring were born from all over her body, except Pele. For instance, Laumiha, Kaha’ula, Kahakauakoko, and Kauakahi originated in her brain.

Haumea, believed to have originated the Hawaiian fauna, drew strength from the native flora and walked the islands in human shape. She could withdraw her energy if angry, causing the individuals she frequently resided among to starve. Haumea was said to be ageless but eternally rejuvenating. She could change her appearance at will using a magical stick named Makalei to pass as either an elderly lady or a beautiful young girl. As a result of her efforts, natural delivery was prioritized over caesarean sections in ancient childbirth practices. During their childbearing years, she is called upon to assist. Haumea’s offspring include the deity of volcanoes, Pele. In some accounts, Haumea is part of a trinity of Hawaiian goddesses, including Hina, the goddess of creation, and Pele, the deity of destruction.

Some myths assert that the trickster deity Kaulu murdered Haumea. Throughout the Aloha Festival, a week-long celebration of Hawaii’s history, culture, food, and crafts, Haumea continues to be honoured for her position as Mother of Hawaii and her connection to rebirth, tradition, and the endless cycle of life and energy. According to legend, Haumea could turn back the hands of time with her enchanted stick, Makalei, transforming herself from an older woman into a stunning young woman. Thanks to this ability, the goddess made repeated visits to the country to ensure the survival of humanity. Her secret was eventually exposed, and she stopped occupying the same space as her human creatures. Birthing mothers and caregivers often prayed to Haumea, the goddess of motherhood. Muleiula, this same daughter of a renowned Hawaiian king, was supposedly in labour in an old myth. It was found by the goddess that humans performed births by inducing labour and then cutting the mother open, much like a cesarean section. She then administered a flower-based potion to Muleiula, which assisted in delivering a healthy, full-term infant.

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He governs over the wetter four months of the year, and his more aggressive sibling, K, is in charge of the rest. War was strictly prohibited between October and February, a time known as the Makahiki season, and instead celebrated with feasts, dances, and games in gratitude for the bountiful harvest and life-sustaining rain. This holiday is still widely observed in Hawaii today. Upon his arrival to Hawaii during the Makahiki festival, British explorer Captain James Cook was mistaken for Lono and honored accordingly; however, when it was discovered that the explorer was a mortal, a fight ensued, and Cook was killed.

Lono used a net to capture the moon and the sun and launch them into orbit after Papa and Rangi broke apart. He provided his sibling Ku with nutritious food as part of making humans. After that, Kane used his brother’s corpse to give the people he had created a new life. Lono and Kaikilani met because they shared a passion for surfing and rainbows. It was a passionate partnership, but he often felt envious of her. Additionally, he believed that she had been unfaithful, leading him to strike her with his divine abilities frequently.

In ancient Hawai’i, people prayed to Lono for help ensuring good crops, sufficient rainfall, and safety from starvation and drought. People prayed and gave offerings at heiau ipu or hale o Lono during the yearly Makahiki festival, which was conducted in his honour. These were built on the ahupua’a border. Earthquakes, waterspouts, tornados that sweep this same earth, and gushing mountain springs symbolise Lono, just like heavy rain, thunder, and lighting. Red fish, white fish, black coconuts, and ‘awa are some other kino lau linked to Lono. Clouds are called “kino” of Lono in many songs. In his Kamapuaa guise, Lono was also linked to cultivating potato lands, which relied on winter rains. Humble ‘uala was jokingly referred to as Kamapuaa’s “droppings” by the ancestors of contemporary Hawaiians.

The legend of English explorer James Cook, the very first European to set foot on the Hawaiian archipelago, has connections to Lono. People thought he was the god Lono, leading him to one‘s temple upon his arrival. With this verification of his existence, there was no doubt that the man was, in fact, Lono. Among the Hawaiians, there was a widespread myth that Lono was planning to expire and abandon the island. After Cook returned to the islands, the same locals there had him murdered to make sure Lono met his end as planned.

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Ku’s legacy lives on in contemporary Hawaiian society, where he is still honoured and revered in many religious rituals and ceremonies. He presides over the battle in Hawaiian mythology. K carries a fiery mace infused with the spirits of the gods, monsters, and humans he has defeated in battle. Ku and his siblings Kane and Lono were born to Rangi in the heavens and Papa on Earth. Following a massive attack even by storm god Apuhau, which was triggered by the split between Papa and Rangi, only Ku’s ferocity in combat saved the Hawaiian pantheon. The Hawaiian deity K was the only one who regularly had human sacrifices made to him. He was armed with a fiery weapon that, frighteningly, held the spirits of his victims. K is viewed as the antithesis of his brother Lono due to his penchant for violence and death during his tenure, which spanned the remaining eight months of the year during which Lono’s focus shifted away from agriculture and into a period when rival rulers fought for control of territory and prestige.

During periods of conflict, Ku, the brother of Kane and Lono, would intervene on behalf of the other Hawaiian gods and bring peace. Additionally, he is thought to be married to the polar opposite deity Hina, who serves to maintain cosmic equilibrium. Due to the flexible nature of Hawaiian theological ideas, Ku can be called upon by many different names, including those of his sons, Aiai and Aiaiai. K was highly revered among the gods because of the battle’s central role in tribal culture. In addition, he could cure injuries with a single glance. King Kamehameha, I respected K so much that he would always bring a wooden idol of the deity into combat with him. K is the “eater of islands” because conquest is his biggest passion; he is also the patron deity of fishermen, canoe builders, forests, and male fertility.

During the summer, worshippers swarm Ku’s home after hearing rumours that he can defend the islands and their residents by sacrificing humans as part of rituals. They believe that Hina & Ku are responsible for maintaining the Earth’s fecundity. The ability to render the world and its environs habitable is also attributed to them. Ku, or Akua, is the deity of fishing, farming, politics, and warfare. He appeared human, but his supernatural abilities allowed him to guide the ocean’s fish. His arsenal included a fiery mace imbued with the spirits of his victims. To this day, native Hawaiians revere Ku as a deity of great importance. Wooden tikis, which represent Ku, are one of the most popular keepsakes for tourists to purchase while in Hawaii. Don’t mistake these carved tikis for the Maori deity of the same name.

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The sea deity, also known as Tangaroa, is a sibling of Ku, Lono, and Kane. He is portrayed in art as having human traits and squid traits, and he governs the ocean and all its inhabitants. He was a deity who had a child with the goddess Haumea, and legend has it that after their offspring became the lesser sea gods, he and Haumea had more children disguised as various sea creatures. Not long after Kane’s separation, Papa and Rangi Kanaloa fought alongside the gods led by Kane for dominance over the universe. The god of combat, Ku, was a significant factor in the deities’ victory under Kane. In reality, a Ku son named Uenuku led tribes of Kane followers against tribal groups of Kanaloa supporters on one front of the war, this exact island of Havaiki, this same mythical homeland of every one of the Polynesian peoples.

It is said that after Uenuku’s people emerged victorious and drove the Kanaloa churchgoers off the island, Kanaloa fought back by gradually soaking Havaiki, pressuring the victors to give up the island as well. This mass evacuation is the mythical reason for the massive nautical migration of Polynesians to various dispersed island groups. This is also why the undersea city of Havaiki is equated with the afterlife in some accounts. In some versions, the afterlife is split into three distinct regions: Milu, Hunamoku, and Havaiki, with the wicked relegated to Milu and the righteous relegated to Hunamoku and the spirits of those who perished at sea relegated to Havaiki. Some Polynesian legends have Kane and Kanaloa, the gods of land and water, as two aspects of the same deity.

Kne made Kanaloa to be his antithesis. Instead of Kne, who controls the sun and all creation, Kanaloa watches over the sea and represents the underworld. Sailors would leave sacrifices for Kanaloa, the god of the waters and elements. If satisfied with the gifts, he would ensure the sailors a safe journey and a favourable breeze. Kanaloa, the god of the sea and wind, and Kne, the god of canoe strength, worked together despite their differences to safeguard daring sailors.

Being the fourth and final of the main Hawaiian gods, his status declined after the Hawaiian trinity of Kne, Lono, and K was established. Some have speculated that the Christian concept of the Holy Trinity prompted this simplification from four to three.

In 1820, Protestant preachers from New England brought Christianity to the islands of Hawaii. In 1819, Queen Ka’ahumanu openly overthrew kapu and welcomed these Christian missionaries. After she herself converted to Christianity, Queen Ka’ahumanu made it illegal for her subjects to follow any other faith.Kanaloa had hardly ever had his temple before the Hawaiian trinity was founded. However, Polynesians did pray to Kanaloa, and his position varied from island to island. Some worshipped Kanaloa as the creator god.

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Kāne is typically portrayed as a beneficent god, honoured for being the source of life and plenty. Moreover, he is frequently invoked in traditional Hawaiian cultural norms and ceremonies as a patron of the arts, especially music and dance. Even today, Kne remains a significant figure in Hawaiian society and is frequently honoured in religious ceremonies. The most powerful of the three siblings who make up the Hawaiian trinity. In opposition to Lono, the god of domesticated crops, Kane presided over the wild game, plants, trees, and the like. In addition, he was worshipped as the deity of timber, medicinal plants, leaves, and other jungle produce.

To ensure the birth of himself and his siblings, Kane grew upward, such as the trees he rules over, to create a barrier between Earth and the sky when Papa and Rangi’s proximity and continuous lovemaking prevented their birth. Hunamoku, Kane’s cloud paradise, was where good people went when they died. Like Asgard in the Teutono-Norse myth and Mount Olympus in Greek and Roman myth, Hunamoku is the abode of the gods in some versions of Hawaiian mythology. Because of his good nature, Kane was never given human victims as an offering. Kane, Pele’s father, is said to have a seashell that, according to legend, can transform into a canoe when submerged in water.

Kāne was worshipped as the deity of creators, and his approval was sought before constructing new structures or canoes and even before giving birth. Kāne was typically appeased with libations, rituals, and kapa cloth. According to the creation myth, there was only infinite darkness known as Po before there was life until Kāne drew himself out of Po, which motivated his siblings K and L to do the same. Then Kne made light to dispel the gloom, Lono added sound, and K brought the world its material form. They then produced the lesser gods jointly and later the Menehune, the lower spirits who served as their couriers and servants. Next, the three siblings built Earth as their home. When everything was ready, they collected red clay from all over the world and used it to mould a man in their image. Kne was the one who put the white clay on top to make the man’s skull.

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Mokosh may have started as “mother earth” in pre-Indo-European times, when a religion that focused on women may have been widespread. Some experts think she might be a form of the sun goddess Jumala. In 980 CE, the Kievan Rus ruler Vladimir I, who died in 1015, put up six statues of Slavic gods, one of which was Mokosh. He removed them when he became a Christian, though. Nestor the Chronicler, a monastery at the Monastery of a Caves in Kyiv in the 11th century CE, lists her as the sole female Slavic god on his list of seven. She shows up in the stories of a lot of different Slavic countries.

Mokosh’s pictures are hard to find, but there have been stone memorials to her since at least the 7th century. People say she is made of a wood cult figure in a patch of woods in the Czech Republic. History says that she had a big head and long arms, which is a reference to the fact that she was related to spiders and spinning. Spindles & cloth, the rhombus, and the Sacred Tree or Cornerstone are all signs of her.

In the different Indo-European pantheons, numerous goddesses talk about spiders and spinning. Mary Kilbourne Matossian, a historian, has pointed out that the Latin word for tissue, “texture,” means “to weave,” and that “tissue” means “something woven” in many languages that came from Latin, such as Old French.

Matossian says that the purpose of spinning is to make body tissue. The thread of life is the umbilical cord, which sends moisture from the Mother to the baby. It is twisted and coiled like thread on a spindle. The shroud, also called a “winding sheet,” is wrapped around a body in a spiral, like how thread loops around with a spindle. It is a symbol of the last breath of life. As the main Slavic goddess, the Great has many human and animal partners. Mokosh is the wet Earth goddess, and she is married to Perun, who is the dry Sky god. She is also linked to the adulterer Veles and Jarilo, the god of spring, whose name means “sun” or “day.” In addition, Jarilo is the God of Cattle and Abundance, so he is often pictured riding in a cart pulled by bulls. Some Slavic farmers thought it was improper to beat or spit on the ground. Practitioners believed that the earth was pregnant in the spring, before March 25.

, they wouldn’t build a house or fence, push a stake into the ground, or plant seeds. When peasant women went out to gather herbs, they would lay down and pray to Mother Nature to bless any herbs that could be used to make medicine. When Christianity came to the Balkan countries in the eleventh century CE, Mokosh became a saint named St. Paraskeva Pyanitsa, occasionally seen as a living embodiment of the day Christ was crucified, sometimes as a Christian martyr. St. Paraskeva Pyanitsa is called “L’nianisa,” which means “flax woman” because she is tall, thin, and has long hair that isn’t tied back. This links her to spinning. She is the patron goddess of merchants, traders, and weddings and protects her followers from many diseases.

She was often with the Suaje, godlike figures who spun cloth and flax into fine thread and told the futures of newborns in the same way that the Greek Fates did. In the same way, Mokosh is linked to the activity of spinning and to caring for and protecting the herd animals whose wool is used for this activity. Mokosh was honoured at all points of the year. At the beginning of spring, when she was pregnant with the coming harvest, she was observed, and when the harvest came, she was celebrated. She was praised for being good at everything that comes with being a woman and keeping a house.

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From the beginning, he was king of the magical land of Annwn, which he ruled with his beautiful queen. But as stories changed over time, he turned into a psychopomp and a bad Lord of the underworld. This change may have been caused by the fact that Christianity became very popular after it took over the Celtic realm. A lot of heathen gods were “demonized” by Christians to make Christianity look better.

Arawn was a skilled hunter, magician, and shape-shifter, even though he looked broken. He could change into any shape he liked. His wife had no idea what was going on, even though he had been pretending to be someone else for a whole year. Arawn was a hunter who often went on daily shooting trips with his dogs. With their red eyes and white ears, these dogs became Arawn’s symbol. As Christianity spread across the British Isles, those dogs started to look more and more like hellhounds. They would look for bad people who were going to “Hell.”

Arawn loves fall because it is the best time to hunt in the Northern Hemisphere. At one point, you could hear the barking of hunting dogs as they went after their owners’ prey. Swans honked as they moved to warmer places to get ready for winter. The Celtic year ended on Halloween in October. People have long thought that the night of Halloween is when the dead come back to life to cause trouble. Given that Arawn is linked to the future, this makes sense.

The Otherworld of Wales Annwn was a beautiful place, just like the Otherworlds that people from other countries wrote about. In the next life, everyone will be happy and at peace. But Arawn was the Lord or King, and neither death nor the future were the main ideas. Annwn used to be thought of as a Welsh island. Like in Greek and Roman myths, it might have been a hidden kingdom. The island of Avalon from the Arthurian tale was only a story; this one was real and beautiful. Lord Arawn and his wife, the unknown queen, made a paradise where people could rest and enjoy life. People thought he was a fair and just leader until he made them follow new rules and beliefs.

His queen may or may not have been the only family member Arawn had. We don’t know anything about them. Along with him, she ruled in silence. The story says that she really loved him, even though her king was being mean to her. Arawn shows up for the first time in the first story in this book. The story is about Arawn and how he could change how he looked. A man named Pwyll was hunting one day. The king of Dyfed was looking for a stag with his hunting dogs.

Before the Hunter could get to the stag, strange hunting dogs with white ears and red eyes attacked it and tore it apart. At that very moment, Pwyll was shocked when a mysterious rider showed up and said his name was Arawn. He lied to Pwyll and said he had come to Annwn to steal the king’s stag. Pwyll would have to pay for his dishonesty. Even though Pwyll was scared, Arawn’s words made him feel better. The Pwyll was asked to switch bodies with him for a year as a way to make things right. As a reaction, Pwyll agreed to fight Hafgan, who was his sworn enemy. Hafgan, another one of Annwn’s kings, fought Arawn’s attempts to remove him from power for a long time.

The guys were now in their new bodies after the switch was made. It was a whole year that Pwyll pretended to be Arawn. He went shooting during the day and ate with the queen at night. Besides that, Pwyll wouldn’t sleep with Arawn’s Queen, even though she thought he was her husband. Arawn took over as Lord of Dyfed after Pwyll died, but the two never slept together. It’s still not clear why Arawn thought this was the best way for Pwyll to make up for entering the king’s realm. He chose to take a break from his job as Lord of the Otherworld for some reason and see what life was like as a normal person. There have been stories like this before.

Before the end of the year, they changed back to their old forms when they were together again. Pwyll wrote down everything he did that year. Even though the Queens of the Otherworld tried to seduce him, he defeated Hafgan and kept his promise to stay single. I’m glad to hear that, Arawn. He also said that he had been good in Pwyll’s wife’s bed.

After meeting, the Lord of the Otherworld and Pwyll stayed close friends. We know this to be true because Arawn shows up again in the fourth branch of the Mabinogion. He gave Pryderi, Pwyll’s son, a gift while he was in this area. He made Pryderi promise to look out for the pigs from the Otherworld. He wouldn’t give them up until he got something in return. After a while, though, a con artist named Gwydion fab Don stole them. When he told Pryderi he was an artist, he got him to give him the pigs as payment. After some thought, Pryderi agreed to Gwydion’s offer of a trade in exchange for the pigs. But Gwydion took them without giving anything in return. To get back at Gwydion, Pryderi fired the people who lived in Gwynedd. It’s too bad that Gwydion killed him in that fight.

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He had three kids from his first marriage: Mitch, Airmed, and Étan. He used to have a son named Cian with Danu, his second wife. Cian married Ethlinn, the daughter of the evil Fomorian King Balor. Cian’s son Lugh was the sun and storm god who saved the Danaans. Lugh’s son Cu Chulainn was a legendary Irish hero.

In the past, three snakes tried to kill all the living things in Ireland, but Dian Cécht stopped them. Because it looked so bad, Dian Cécht voted to kill the baby of Dagda, the mythical father of the gods, and Morgan, his wife. As soon as Dian did this, she found three snakes inside the hearts of each baby. When they grew up, these snakes could kill all Irish people. He set the snakes on fire and dumped the ashes into the river. This made the water boil, killing all the animals that lived in it. The river was finally named River Barrow. It is now Ireland’s second-longest river, after River Shannon. This river is one of “The Three Sisters,” along with the River Suir and the River Nore.

King Nuada of the Danann was no longer fit to lead his people after he lost an arm in the First Battle at Moytura against the Fir Bolg. When the council chose King Bres, the Danann suffered a lot, and many people wanted Nuada to take back power. In the end, Dian was able to replace Nuada’s arm with a metal one, which put the king back on his seat. On the other hand, Dian felt jealous of his son Miach after Miach had Nuada’s original arm physically and magically replaced. Each son was just as good as his dad because he got his skills from him. Dian grew special herbs on the tomb where he buried his son. Because Dian was so angry, she threw the herbs all over the place, which made it harder for Airmed to identify them. To this day, we still don’t know what health benefits they might have.

Dian also had two other children: the poet Étan and Cian, who was born of Danu and married Ethlinn, daughter of Balor of the Fomorians. After the First Battle at Mag Tried against the Fir Bolg, the Tuatha Dé Danann and the Fomorians made peace by getting Cian married to Ethlinn. Things went well with the Fomorians at first, but not for long.

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He got the name because he lost a hand in one of the bloody battles to take over Ireland. Nuada was a good leader who made sure that everyone followed the rules he set up. Nuada’s sword is a powerful weapon that can easily beat any enemy when it is drawn. He was from Br na Bóinne at first, but when he became leader of the Tuatha dé Danann, the Dagda took his home away. Nuada’s marriage to Boann, the river goddess, did not produce any children. After many years of marriage, they got a divorce, and Nuada gave Bres the Emerald Isle. But this plan turns out to be a bad one.

King Nuada brought his men from the other islands to Ireland to find a new place to live. But it had been settled before, so when they got there, they did not have full control. For a while, he lived in Br na Bóinne, and the Hill at Tara was where he ran his court. Soon, Nuada began making plans to take over the island. He wanted to take the city back from the Firbolg and the scary Fomorians who had moved there.

Two major wars were fought over who would be in charge of Ireland. The Firbolg were fought against in the first fight at Cong. In their first fight with this group of people, the Tuatha dé Danann fought bravely and eventually won without losing many people. Even though they won, King Nuada was hurt, and a Firbolg fighter named Sreng took it over. As sad as that was, it normally wouldn’t affect the king’s job, but it did in this case. Nuada is always played by the book. The rule he made said that the king of his people had to be physically and fully whole. So, after losing one hand, he had to give up because he could no longer rule with both hands. As payment, that Firbolg fighter who had already taken off his hand was given back some land to rule. Seeing that he could no longer lead, he gave up power and let a guy named Bres take over.

Unfortunately, this choice caused yet another argument. There was another part of Bres that was Fomorian. He was connected to the gods of a Tuatha dé Danann and had married the goddess Brigid. While the fight between the Tuatha dé Danann and the Fomorians was going on, Bres stood with the Fomorians. The Tuatha dé Danann were his slaves for a long time after he beat them. Nuada was furious about his choice of a replacement at the time. He came up with a plan to restore his kingdom. His brothers were Goibniu, the god of smiths, and Dian Cécht, the healer. They helped him get a new hand. This one, on the other hand, was made of real silver. He was able to take back his place as king after getting the silver hand. Later, he used magic to make a new hand out of flesh. Once Nuada was able to get rid of Bres, he became king again. They had won, but they hadn’t yet fought their Fomorians to take control of Ireland. In this case, the party was too early.

During the celebrations, Lugh, a young man, showed himself to Nuada. He stepped up to help. Nuada agreed and asked Lugh for a plan on how to beat the Fomorians. On the other hand, Nuada knew that Lugh was really a half-Fomorian. Besides that, he was the grandson of the famous Balor of an Evil Eye. Because of the omen, Nuada had to get Lugh to help them kill his grandfather. The plan worked well in battle. Lugh killed his grandfather after Balor of the Evil Eye cut off Nuada’s head. But it wasn’t enough to keep the Fomorians from losing. Lugh took over from his father, King Fionn mac Cumhaill, as leader of the Emerald Isle and the Tuatha dé Danann. He had all the traits of a good boss, like Nuada.

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